1. 肺高壓的分類
Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension (Nice, 2018)
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Group 1
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Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
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Idiopathic PAH
PAH associated with CHD*
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記:PAH
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Group 2
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PH due to left heart disease
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Congenital post-capillary obstruction
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記:左
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Group 3
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PH due to lung disease and/or hypoxia
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Developmental lung disease
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記:肺
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Group 4
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PH due to pulmonary artery obstruction
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Chronic thromboembolic PH
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記:血栓
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Group 5
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PH with unclear mechanisms
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Complex CHD
Hematologic disorders
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記:其他
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*CHD=Congenital heart disease
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2. 肺"動脈"高壓 (PAH) 的定義
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- MPAP > 25 mmHg (新定義是 > 20mmHg)
- PAWP < 15 mmHg (代表真的是肺動脈高壓,微血管、肺靜脈沒問題)
- RVSP > 35 mmHg (上面兩個是用Swan-Ganz做的,這個是用heart echo做的)
- Tricuspid regurgitation velocity > 2.8 m/s (這個也是用heart echo做的)
(1) (2) 皆需要符合,是導管做的PAH才是gold standard,下面兩個是器具不夠、輔助診斷時用的。
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3. 治療
WHO classification of PH
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Treatment
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WHO class 1
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provide pulmonary vasodilator therapy
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WHO class 2
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treat the left heart disease
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WHO class 3
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treat the lung disease
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WHO class 4
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thromboembolectomy/anticoagulation
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WHO class 5
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manage the underlying systemic illness
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Common therapy : Support the right ventricle (RV) and avoid congestive heart failure.
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4. 血管擴張測試 Acute vasodilator test
- 使用藥物:100%純氧, 吸入NO, adenosine, 吸入Iloprost, epoprostenol(i.v.) 共五擇一短效血管擴張劑
- (+) : 陽性稱為反應者(responder),他們的狀況比較好,可以開刀治療,也可以用CCB治療
- 先天性心臟病(CHD)病史:MPAP or PVR 下降20%以上
- 原發性肺動脈高壓(IPAH)病史:MPAP下降10mmHg,且下降至40mmHg以下,並且無心輸出量減少
- 反應者可以使用 CCB (nifedipine, amlodipine),但要注意全身性低血壓、肺水腫、右心衰竭等副作用。若不是反應者,就不要用CCB
- 嬰兒<1y/o不可以用CCB,而任何兒童用CCB都要小心使用
5. Vasodilator therapy for PAH
Vasodilator for PAH
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Nitric oxide basis (PDE-5 inhibitor)
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NO, Sidenafil(威而鋼), Riosiguat
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PG (Prostacylin)
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Ventavis, Iloprost (inhaled, 可以給兒童使用)
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Endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) 證據等級最高class I
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Bosentan
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CCB
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不可以給<1y/o使用
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***藍色是常用藥物
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